Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Delving & Development, L.L.C. (J&JPRD) announced that it has submitted a New Drug Application to the U.S. Eatables and Opiate Administration (FDA) with a view rivaroxaban, an investigational, oral, in days gone by-ordinary anticoagulant for the halting of mystical trace thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery.

In 2005, J&JPRD entered into an agreement with Bayer HealthCare AG to jointly develop rivaroxaban. If approved by the FDA, Ortho-McNeil, a Division of Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., at one’s desire deal in the drug in the U.S. Bayer HealthCare holds marketing rights in countries outside the U.S.

Venous blood clots, also known as venous thromboembolism (VTE), categorize DVT - a blood clot in a large vein, usually in the legs - and PE - a blood clot that has traveled to the lungs - both of which are life-threatening but often preventable complications following major orthopedic surgery. Annually in the U.S., more than 900,000 people suffer from VTE events, and 300,000 individuals die from VTE. Patients undergoing hep or knee replacement surgery are at high jeopardize in the course of VTE because the magnanimous veins of the ramshackle that carry blood back to the heart are significantly damaged during these procedures. In experience, venous blood clots occur in up to 40% of patients undergoing vital orthopedic surgery who do not acquire preventative care. Each year, roughly 700,000 Americans elect to have hip and knee replacement surgeries, and a blood clot is the most common cause of re-hospitalization over the extent of this sufferer society.

The filing was supported by details from the global RECORD (REgulation of Coagulation in prime Orthopedic surgery reducing the Chance of DVT and PE) clinical trial program. The REGISTER program involved more than 12,500 patients in four studies and compared rivaroxaban to injected enoxaparin, for the prevention of add up VTE in patients undergoing either total knee or perceptive replacement surgery.

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Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Progress, L.L.C.

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Investigate & Development, L.L.C. (J&JPRD) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, the world’s most broadly based organizer of robustness care products. J&JPRD is headquartered in Raritan, N.J., and has facilities fully Europe, the Collective States and Asia. J&JPRD is leveraging pharmaceutical development and drug improvement in a medley of therapeutical areas, including CNS, Internal Medicament and Oncology, to address unmet medical needs worldwide. More information can be establish at http://www.jnjpharmarnd.com.

This press release contains “forward-looking statements” as defined in the Seclusive Securities Legal remedy Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on coeval expectations of future events. If underlying assumptions prove wrong or unknown risks or uncertainties form, actual results could vary palpably from the Company’s expectations and projections. Risks and uncertainties count widespread industry conditions and striving; economic conditions, such as charge fee and currency exchange merit fluctuations; technological advances and patents attained by competitors; challenges essential in green yield development, including obtaining regulatory approvals; domestic and foreign health take responsibility for reforms and governmental laws and regulations; and trends toward health punctiliousness payment containment. A further roster and report of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be establish in Exhibit 99 of Johnson & Johnson & Johnson’s Annual Recount on Custom 10-K for the monetary year ended December 30, 2007. Copies of this Propriety 10-K, as well as subsequent filings, are nearby online at http://www.sec.gov, http://www.jnj.com or on entreat from Johnson & Johnson. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements as a conclude of new dirt or future events or developments.

Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Up on & Development, L.L.C.

Researchers at the Mayo Clinic campus in Florida have base that a drug things being what they are being tested to look after a lot of human cancers significantly inhibited colon cancer occurrence in mice. Because the go-between appears to have minimal side effects, it may represent an effective chemopreventive treatment in people at high risk object of colon cancer, the investigators say.

Their lucubrate, published in the Feb. 15 publish of Cancer Experiment with, rest that permit of the advocate, enzastaurin, significantly reduced event of cancerous colon tumors in treated animals. Furthermore, the tumors that did develop in the mice were of a lower grade, which meant they were less advanced and belligerent than the tumors seen in animals not accepted the drug. “There is necessity for an ingredient that has a proven wit to reduce colon cancer imperil, and this study suggests that enzastaurin could be uniquely personal property,” says the study’s older investigator, Nicole Murray, Ph.D., of the Control of Cancer Biology.

Individuals at high risk through despite colon cancer much develop numerous precancerous colon polyps, which must be periodically removed during a colonoscopy, Dr. Murray says.

The laboratories of Dr. Murray, and her collaborator and co-author, Alan Fields, Ph.D., chair of the Sphere of influence of Cancer Biology, blurry on characterizing the genes involved in different stages of colon carcinogenesis. They have zeroed in on the protein kinase C (PKC) classification of enzymes as worst players in cancer development and progression, but it has enchanted them years to conceive of the different roles of each ilk of PKC molecule or “isozyme.”

“All PKC isozymes undertaking in essentially the nonetheless way. They add phosphate groups to proteins to modulation the aim of the protein, but within cells we find that each PKC isozyme plays a different role,” Dr. Murray says.

Using transgenic mice in which different PKC genes have been selectively deleted or silenced, the researchers have unhesitating pivotal roles for two of the major isozymes. In the Jan. 15 outcome of Cancer Delving, they reported that PKCß (PKC-beta) is life-and-death for initiation of colon cancer in mice exposed to a carcinogen. “These mice age colon tumors compare favourably with to tumors found in humans, but mice without a PKCß gene do not,” Dr. Murray says.

In that study, they also demonstrated that a different PKC isozyme known as PKCi/l (PKC iota-lambda) is involved in progression of colon cancer. If the PKCi/l gene is deleted in mice models that mimic the type of cancer seen in people with an inherited trim of colon cancer, the cancer doesn’t progress at such a rapid rate, Dr. Murray says. “But in those same mice, if we go home away from the PKCß gene, there is no purpose,” she says.

“This tells us that over-expression of PKCß and PKCi/l serve distinct, nonoverlapping roles in colon carcinogenesis, conspiring to ambitiousness commencement and progression of colon carcinogenesis, mutatis mutandis,” Dr. Murray says.

Those findings suggested that targeting these opposite PKC isozymes could have palpable cancer treatment benefits. Targeting PKCß in colon cells could pinch prevent initial cancer evolution, and inhibiting PKCi/l might help bar progression of cancer that has already developed, she says.

In the inclination work, the research team tested enzastaurin, an oral drug specifically designed to suppress signaling past the PKCß pathway. The drug is now in clinical trials to treat B-apartment lymphoma and high-grade brain gliomas, among other cancers.

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Researchers gave the agent day after day to entire group of mice, and then exposed this group, as well as a control bracket of mice, to a carcinogen that produces colon tumors. After 22 weeks, 80 percent of mice in the control bring developed colon tumors, but only 50 percent of the treated mice developed tumors, and the cancers that developed were not as advanced, Dr. Murray says.

The agent could be tested appropriate for colon cancer chemoprevention in a positively uninvolved demeanour, Dr. Murray says. Because precancerous colon polyps can be observed during a colonoscopy, it would be possible to undertake if a numb that targeted PKCß reduced polyp formation over and beyond once in a while in people who are using the spokesperson, she says.

The study was funded by grants from the Subject Institutes of Health and The Mayo Clinic Foundation. Eli Lilly provided the enzastaurin hand-me-down in the study. The authors report no be in opposition to of interest.

Co-authors include Shelly Calcagno, Murli Krishna M.D., and Sofija Rak, all of Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville. Another co-author is Michael Leitges, Ph.D., of the University of Oslo in Norway.

—————————-
Article adapted by Medical News Today from original hustle remission.
—————————-

Provenance: Paul Scotti

Mayo Clinic

Start Licensing, Inc. (Start) announced that it controls key patents in Korea that obscure carnal cloning technology, including the technology used to clone dogs. RNL Bio Ltd (RNL) announced on February 12, 2008 that it was launching a dog cloning service and had signed its first client. RNL is not licensed under Start’s patents. These patents include Korean Grant Nos. 10-0533476, 10-0533477, and 10-0743006, and are part of a portfolio of patents and patent applications owned by Roslin Institute that are directed to foundational somatic cell atomic transfer (SCNT) cloning technology developed at Roslin Institute for the cloning of Dolly the sheep. This portfolio is exclusively licensed to Start for all non-benefactor animal cloning applications.

“Start will shelter its patent rights,” said Jonathan Thatcher, President of Start Licensing. “We hand down grab all inexorable actions and one’s addresses to every available legal remedy to do so.”

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Here Start Licensing

Start is a joint hazardous undertaking of Geron Corporation (Nasdaq: GERN) and Exeter Life Sciences, Inc. Start manages and licenses a frank portfolio of intellectual property rights consanguineous to animal reproductive technologies, including foundational nuclear hand on cloning technology developed at the Roslin Start towards the cloning of Dolly the sheep. Start’s licensees are on the cutting edge of check out and product growth in food origination, medical applications and many other fields.

Geron Corporation

Alara, Inc., a leading producer of Computed Radiography (CR) imaging
products, today announced it is showcasing its CRystalView R200 desktop CR
way at RSNA 2006 in Chicago. Alara recently received 510(k) clearance
from the US Food and Drug Administration to exchange the CRystalView R200
system to everyday radiography applications. The R200 is also CE unmistakeable
lower than drunk the European Medical Gimmick Directive.

CRystalView R200 combines a condensed form factor along with on-going
mental picture quality with a 50+ plates-per-hour throughput, making the dissolving
ideal for a species of clinical settings including small office practices,
clinics, hospitals, EDs and other demanding imaging environments.

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“Alara’s ambition is to transform into the call leader in computed radiography
products benefit of all markets,” explained Jim Walker, CEO of Alara. “Receiving
regulatory clearance to sell CRystalView R200 is a jumbo way for Alara
towards meeting that goal, and we look forward to building on the prosperity
of our other CR based products: DenOptix (Dental Markets), MetriScan
(osteoporosis screening) and the T100 (Security and NDT applications).

Alara has created a flexible, trusty, and value-priced CR alternative
in the CRystalView R200 that is suited for global markets. “Now imaging
professionals understand the best of both worlds — a compact table top CR procedure
that frees up valuable prostrate space in size constrained radiology
departments and image quality that is competitive with any sickbay based
arrangement,” added Kuldip K. Ahluwalia, VP of Sales and Marketing for Alara.

The CRystalView R200 system, including a CR reader, multiple imaging
plates, cassettes, QC workstation and correlated software, gives users the
performance and cardinal-edge technology critical to remaining competitive
in healthcare practices and providing remarkable patient care. Fast
acquisition of images with advanced features predilection exam-based imaging
protocols, calibrated exposure indicator tracking, and adjustable boost
taste, assures exceptional dignity for every image. With its comprehensive
DICOM compatibility, the system can easily integrate X-ray studies with
PACS, teleradiology, image allotment and archives via local or wide compass
networks.

Deploying the CRystalView R200 modus operandi is simple, thanks to its
plug-and- pit oneself against connectivity, making it suitable for short to moderately
sized clinics, imaging centers and radiology departments. Installation and
training typically requires less than a separate day.

Alara’s CRystalView R200 desktop CR system is at one’s disposal in the service of sale
immediately. During RSNA 2006, the CRystalView R200 plan will be
demonstrated at the Alara parade in Hall A-South Erection, Stand #5287 of
McCormick Place. Towards more information about the CRystalView R200 system or
any of Alara’s other CR imaging products, visit us at http://www.alara.com.

About Alara, Inc.:

Alara, Inc. is a privately held medical technology company that
designs, manufactures and markets high characteristic imaging products based on
Computed Radiography (CR) technology. Alara imaging systems are rest in
dental offices, physicians’ offices, orthopedic clinics, radiology
departments, emergency rooms, ICUs and other healthcare operations, and are
also marketed through various OEM partnerships. Alara is headquartered in
Fremont, California. For more information on the company, visit
http://www.alara.com

Alara, Inc.
http://www.alara.com

Exposure to uncommonly dastardly frequency (ELF) magnetic fields is known to disrupt spatial cognition. Researchers found that mice exposed to extremely low ELFs over and above a long period had a expressive disruption in spatial recognition respect.

In the study, mice were exposed to 25 or 50 Hz of electromagnetic fields for either 7 or 25 days, and then tested in the Y-maze. The Y-maze did not number among any rewards or punishments, in lieu of, they assessed their innate tendency to reconnoitre novel environments.

Both short and prolonged-term ELF familiarity had no effect on the locomotor activity on the mice. Mice that were exposed to the higher frequency for the sake of a short period sophisticated no effects as well.

This is the first study to show that long-term exposure to 50Hz electromagnetic fields impairs spatial recognition memory.

“Long-time exposure to outrageously debilitated-frequency magnetic fields impairs spatial acknowledgement homage in mice”
Yu Fu, Cangkai Wang, Jianhong Wang, Yanlin Lei, Yuanye Ma
Clinical and Tentative Pharmacology and Physiology Volume 35 Issue 7, Pages 797 - 800
DOI 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04922.x
Click here to view Shorten online

Clinical and Theoretical Pharmacology and Physiology

Clinical and Exploratory Pharmacology and Physiology provides a medium for the quick publication of original research papers, short communications, rapid communications and theoretical articles (hypotheses) on the results of clinical and experimental work in pharmacology and physiology. Invited study articles are published occasionally.

www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0305-1870&site=1

A survey published current last year on the prevalence of the geezer, methicillin-stubborn Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA which showed that far more MRSA bugs were at ease in NSW-ACT hospitals than in other states, has been supported by one of Sydney’s most superior surgeons.

The study found that Sydney hospital patients are more likely to contract lethal infections than elsewhere in Australia, however the State Government says publishing hospital-by-hospital results would be counterproductive.

But Professor Richard West, who chairs the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons infection control advisory committee, has called for the routine release of hospital infection rates because he says patients in Sydney’s intensive care units face an almost inevitable risk of catching a drug-resistant infection.

MRSA when it enters the bloodstream, dramatically increases the risk of death; it is estimated to be responsible for about 700 patient deaths a year in Australia.

Dr. West says other countries such as Scandinavia have implemented search-and-destroy strategies which have resulted in an MRSA rate of just 1 per cent.

Professor West says making the figures for each hospital available is the only way to make people change and improve conditions and he suggests the situation is the result of a dearth of leadership and motivation to change things and demand the resources necessary in extra staff and isolation rooms to fight infections effectively.

He says hand washing campaigns have had a mixed success, with as many as half of clinical staff still failing to wash their hands each time they looked at a new patient; he says there needs to be a change in attitude and a change in culture in hospitals.

The NSW Minister for Health, Reba Meagher opposes publishing individual hospitals’ performance on safety and quality, on the grounds that it could discourage doctors from reporting on such details as infections.

Infectious disease experts say the figures indicated NSW hospitals have an inferior performance on infection control and insufficient isolation facilities such as single rooms for infectious patients.

MRSA and other golden staph infections initiate lengthy hospital stays for thousands of patients which costs the community millions every year.

Experts say evidence from England, Western Australia and South Australia has shown that when hospital infection figures are routinely collected and published, infection rates significantly lower in part because of public pressure to improve performance.

There are sundry benefits of yoga training. Yoga training is one of the most popular forms of exercise and staying fit techniques practiced all ended the world today. The benefits of yoga are unceasing. What is so great about yoga training is that can benefit your effervescence not only physically but also mentally and spiritually. The benefits of yoga on each of these three areas add and enrich your life in multifarious ways. Yoga training is a great way to get adds balance to your memoirs, physically, mentally and spiritually.

The benefits of yoga training in the physical aspect are first it improves your balance. Yoga training, depending on the type you are practicing, is a series of different poses and postures. Utilizing and practicing these poses and postures during your yoga training allow you to increase your level of balance. Balance it said to be a good indicator of health. Some of the other physical benefits of yoga are that it helps you to keep a balanced metabolism as well as a strong, toned and flexible body. Yoga training deeply enhances your flexibility. You may walk into a yoga class not being able to touch your toes, and after attending a series of classes you will see a noticeable difference in your level of flexibility. Some other benefits of yoga in the physical aspect are it helps increase your circulation and cardio health. Yoga training also helps you to feel and look younger.

There are also many mental benefits of yoga training. One of the most important mental benefits of yoga is that it helps you to relax. Many individuals have high stress levels and find it hard to relax because of the stress in their lives. Yoga training, can seriously deplete the level of stress you experience because of the nature yoga training is practiced. Yoga training is all about focusing your energy on the present and where ever else you want it to go. Which is another of the mental benefits of yoga? Yoga training focuses on breathing; the focus on breathing allows you to put aside any feelings of stress and anxiety. In fact you can even use the breathing techniques you have learned in yoga training in other areas of your life. For example if you are having a stressful day at the office utilize your yoga breathing techniques to release some of the tension you are experiencing. One of the most vital benefits of yoga on a mental level is that it helps with self acceptance. There are many spiritual benefits of yoga as well. On a spiritual level yoga training allows you to become one with yourself. Through out life we can become detached from certain areas of ourselves; yoga training allows you to reconnect with yourself. Being able to do this is perhaps the greatest of the spiritual benefits of yoga. Another of spiritual benefits of yoga is that helps you to gain awareness of your body and your feelings. Theses and so much more are the benefits of yoga training.

Best online sites to learn about yoga and the history of yoga on the yoga centers page of HealthYoga.com

Ancient wisdom, technological savvy -

Researchers at the University of Washington have blended the past with the present in the fight against cancer, synthesizing
a full of promise new put together from an ancient Chinese remedy that uses cancer cells’ insatiable appetite to save iron to create them a
target.

The substance, artemisinin, is derived from the wormwood plant and has been used in China since ancient times to treat
malaria. Earlier work by Henry Lai and Narendra Singh, both UW bioengineers, indicated that artemisinin alone could
selectively kill cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed.

The new multifaceted appears to greatly ameliorate that dull selectivity, according to a modish on that appeared in a latest issue
of the journal Life Sciences. In supplement to Lai and Singh, co-authors comprehend Tomikazu Sasaki and Archna Messay, both UW
chemists.

“By itself, artemisinin is take 100 times more selective in ruinous cancer cells as opposed to normal cells,” Lai said. “In
this bone up on, the new artemisinin put together was 34,000 times more strong in killing the cancer cells as opposed to their normal
cousins. So the tagging take care of appears to have greatly increased the potency of artemisinin’s cancer-destructive properties.”

The merge has been licensed to Chongqing Holley Holdings and Holley Pharmaceuticals, its U.S. subsidiary, to be developed
for practicable use in humans. Although the compound is reassuring, officials intend, hidden use for people is quieten years away.

In the enquiry, researchers exposed human leukemia cells and deathly white blood cells to the consolidation. While the leukemia cells
with dispatch died, the white blood cells remained essentially unharmed.

The trick to the compound’s effectiveness, according to Lai, appears to be in taking asset of how cancer cells function.

Because they multiply so rapidly, most cancer cells need more iron than usual cells to replicate DNA. To facilitate that,
cancer cells have inlets on their outwardly, known as transferrin receptors, in greater numbers than other cells. Those
receptors allow quick shipment into the cell of transferrin, an iron-carrying protein found in blood.

In creating the compound, researchers bound artemisinin to transferrin at the molecular level. The combination of the two
ingredients appears to a fast one on the cancer cell.

“We draft b call it a Trojan horse because the cancer apartment recognizes transferrin as a natural, non-venomous protein,” Lai said. “So the
cell picks up the compound without knowing that a bomb - artemisinin - is arcane inside.”

Once inside of the room, the artemisinin reacts with the iron, spawning highly reactive chemicals called “free radicals.” The
relaxed radicals attack other molecules and the cubicle membrane, breaking it apart and killing the cell.

According to Lai, that modify is what initially piqued his behoof in artemisinin about 10 years ago. The wormwood extract
was hand-me-down centuries ago in China, but the treatment became lost over time. In the 1970s, it was rediscovered as part of an
ancient manuscript containing medical remedies, including a system that used a wormwood extract. The medical community soon
discovered that the extract, artemisinin, worked well against malaria, and it is currently reach-me-down for that purpose throughout
Asia and Africa.

Artemisinin combats malaria because the malaria sponge collects high iron concentrations as it metabolizes hemoglobin in
the blood. As science began to understand how artemisinin functioned, Lai said, he began to admiration if the process had
implications notwithstanding cancer treatment.

“I started thoughtful that maybe we could use this intelligence to selectively target cancer cells,” he said. “So farther, the outlook
appears good.”

The next step in development under the Holley licensing agreement will likely be testing in animals and, if that pans out,
human trials to gauge the compound’s effectiveness. The current study was funded by the Artemisinin Check in Origination and
Chongqing Holley Holdings.

For more bumf, contact Lai at (206) 543-1071 or hlai@u.washington.edu. The Holley connection is Michael Liu at (714)
606-8415 or michael@holleypharma.com.

The article is available on-line at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science. Click the “journals” button and look under Vim Sciences, Volume
76, Issue 11. The article is No. 9 on the Web page (page 1267-1279).

Rob Harrill - rharrill@u.washington.edu
University of Washington

Republican legislators and representatives of various minority health advocacy groups on Tuesday at a House Determination and Commerce Trim Subcommittee hearing raised concerns on several measures within a proposed bill (HR 3014) intended to curtail racial and ethnic disparities in the U.S. robustness care system, CQ HealthBeat reports.

The bill — sponsored by subcommittee member Hilda Solis (D-Calif.) — would require federal agencies to maximize efforts of data collection and reporting on race and develop grants for groups serving minority communities to evaluate the data, according to a fact sheet released by Solis’ office. More than 100 Democratic officials and two Republicans — Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Fla.) and Luis Fortuno (P.R.) — have co-sponsored the bill, according to CQ HealthBeat.

Energy and Commerce Committee ranking member Joe Barton (R-Texas) said that the bill’s emphasis on race and ethnicity might overshadow the issue of income and its effect on the quality of care. Barton said, “Data certainly show that some diseases seem to follow racial lines, but they also show that it’s how rich or poor you are that makes the much greater difference in health outcomes.” According to CQ HealthBeat, Democrats and many witnesses disagreed with Barton. Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, said, “Even after controlling for income and education levels, disparities continue to exist.”

Deeana Jang, policy director for the Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, suggested that additional research into racial and ethnic differences is required. Jang said, “Asian-American and Pacific Islander communities are not homogenous, but lack of data on specific minority sub-groups mask the disparities that exist.”

Role of HHS

Barton and Health Subcommittee ranking member Nathan Deal (R-Ga.) expressed concern that some of the bill’s provisions would be duplicative by creating divisions that address minority health issues within each agency at HHS. Meanwhile, John Ruffin — director of the National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities at NIH, who offered support for a provision in the bill to increase funding for health education initiatives for minority residents — said, “The infrastructure that we have established has to be strengthened … and sustained.” According to CQ HealthBeat, existing programs at NIH include a loan repayment program for health care professionals who obtain certifications to conduct research on minority health care issues.

Undocumented Immigrants

James Edwards of the Hudson Institute, a witness at the hearing, raised issue with language in the bill, which states that “undocumented residents who are lawfully residing in the United States” would qualify for Medicaid benefits. Edwards said, “That description is curious … since every legal immigrant and nonimmigrant visa holder is either issued documents by the federal government or required to possess a valid visa with an entry stamp.” He said the bill’s “flimsy description of who qualifies for Medicaid adds yet another incentive to enter or remain in the country illegally.”

In a statement issued after the hearing, Solis said, “Our intent is to expand health coverage to legally residing pregnant women and children, and if this bill moves, we can easily amend the bill with a technical correction.” Solis did not disclose future plans for the bill but said, “What’s important is to start the foundation for what’s to come in the next session” (Cooley, CQ HealthBeat, 6/24).

This article is republished with kind permission from our friends at The Kaiser Family Foundation. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery of in-depth coverage of health policy developments, debates and discussions. The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for Kaisernetwork.org, a free service of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Copyright 2008 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights reserved.

LEOPARD syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormalities of the skin, the structure and function of the stomach, the inner ear, the head and facial size, and/or the genitals. LEOPARD syndrome is more always due to mutations in the PTPN11 gene (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, no receptor type 11). It is inherited in an autosomal supreme manner, which means that if one parent is affected there is a 50% chance that each youth will be affected. Beside 70% of cases are inherited. The excess is sporadic cases occurring from new mutations. The signs and symptoms experienced by people with LEOPARD syndrome reorganize greatly.

The sign and symptoms of LEOPARD syndrome involve lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, optical hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retarded growth and deafness. Some patients may have a fractional form of the syndrome and suffer mild symptoms while others with the full syndrome are more severely affected. Lentigines may be present at birth or develop during childhood. They become more numerous and darker with age. Other skin lesions, such as nevocellular nevi and malignant melanomas, reported sporadically in the LEOPARD syndrome, may undergo depigmentation.

Approximately 85% of affected individuals have heart defects, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary valve stenosis. Postnatal increase retardation resulting in short size arises in fewer than 50% of affected persons. Sensorineural hearing deficits present in approximately 20% are poorly characterized. Mental retardation, typically mild, is observed in approximately 30% of persons with LS. Antiarrhythmic treatment may be required in cases with life-threatening ventricular ectopy. Treatment of hearing loss includes hearing aids, enrollment in an educational program for the hearing impaired, and consideration of cochlear implantation.

Surgical treatment may be required in cases with harsh outflow tract obstruction or in patients with cryptorchidism, hypospadias, or severe skeletal deformity. Cryosurgery and laser treatment may be beneficial for isolated lentigines. For some patients, treatment with tretinoin cream and hydroquinone cream may be helpful. Therapeutic regimens include beta-adrenergic receptor or calcium channel blocking agents to reduce outflow tract obstruction and adrenergic responsiveness in patients with structural cardiac anomalies. Genetic counseling should be offered to all patients with LEOPARD syndrome.

Juliet Cohen writes articles for http://www.health-disease.org/ . She also writes articles for http://www.makeup-care.info/ and http://www.hairstyles-picture.com/ .